Algoritmo
Un algoritmo es una serie de instrucciones progresivas ordenadas de manera lógica usadas para la solución de un problema específico, las instrucciones se pueden visualizar como estados donde se puede pasar de uno a otro y se cuenta con uno inicial y otro final, hay condiciones en el flujo que determinarán el seguir por una instrucción o pasar a otra. Los algoritmos son usados en computación para diseñar soluciones específicas que serán escritas un lenguaje de computación y ejecutadas por un procesador.
Algunos ejemplos de algoritmos pueden ser: recetas, instructivos, manuales de usuario, tutoriales de Internet, instrucciones de un equipo electrónico, etc. Todos ellos nos llevan paso a paso para obtener un beneficio, si nos saltamos alguna instrucción o las ejecutamos en un orden diferente al establecido, es muy probable que los resultados que obtengamos no nos resuelvan el problema.
Diagramas de flujo
Los diagramas de flujo son grupos de gráficos que representan estados de un algoritmo, se usan para mostrar de manera sencilla dichas instrucciones. Los diagramas de flujo cuentan con flechas, cuadros, ovales, rectángulos, rombos donde cada uno representa un estado con una acción específica
. En la figura 1.1 se estructura un algoritmo que muestra que hacer en caso de tener hambre y se está en casa:
Análisis
El problema que se pretende solucionar es quitar el hambre, las condiciones, se encuentra el individuo en casa. Podemos ver que el estado inicial y el final son representados por un rectángulo con puntas ovaladas, en lenguajes y autómatas, se representa el estado inicial con un círculo negro y el final con un círculo negro circunscrito dentro de otro círculo. Opcionalmente en el ejemplo se ingresaron los letreros de Inicio y Fin. Los estados se representan con un rectángulo y la acción que se hace dentro de éste. Las flechas indican el flujo del diagrama, los rectángulos muestran decisiones, una entrada con dos salidas: una positiva y una negativa, una decisión indica las posibilidades si se cumple o no una instrucción. El algoritmo se vuelve cíclico cuando se termina sin comer, si se sigue en el estado hambriento, se puede realizar todo el procedimiento para satisfacer el hambre. Si ya se está satisfecho, podemos llegar al estado final.
Pseudocódigo
Antes de pasar el algoritmo o diagrama de flujo a código fuente, en ocasiones es necesario escribir el pseudocódigo para determinar mejor aspectos que no se hayan considerado o simplemente mejorar el flujo. El pseudocódigo utiliza un lenguaje informal para representar la operatividad de las instrucciones con frases y palabras comunes con el fin de que la lectura sea comprensible sin tecnicismos ni modismos, el pseudocódigo lo puedes encontrar en libros de computación donde se hable de métodos de programación con el fin de explicar fracción de código en general sin hacer referencia a un lenguaje de programación específico. En la siguiente figura, mostramos el algoritmo de la figura 1.1 en pseudocódigo:
1. Inicio 2. Hacer Mientras no estés satisfecho 3. Si tienes hambre Entonces 4. Buscar comida en el refrigerador 5. Si hay comida Entonces 6. Preparar algo 7. Si No 8. Salir a comprar 9. Preparar algo 10. Fin del Si 11. Comer 12. Si No 13. Estas satisfecho 14. Fin del Si 15. Fin del bucle 16. Fin
Herramientas
En el mercado tenemos herramientas que nos pueden ayudar a diseñar nuestros diagramas de flujo y depurar mejor nuestros algoritmos, por ejemplo Visio de Microsoft, o simplemente las formas de Word del mismo Microsoft. Si lo prefieres, puedes usar las herramientas que la red ofrece para ti por ejemplo: http://www.gliffy.com/, http://writemaps.com/, http://flowchart.com/ y http://chartgizmo.com/ requieres registro en las dos últimas.
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